52 pages • 1 hour read
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Content Warning: The section of the guide contains descriptions of domestic violence, alcohol addiction, the sexual abuse of children, death by suicide, and racism that are present in the source text. The novel also includes racial slurs, which the guide quotes and obscures.
The story begins in rural Branchville, South Carolina, in August 1924. A young wife and mother named Gertrude Pardee sits in a swamp, watching a large female alligator on her nest. She holds a shotgun and tells the reader, “It’s easier to kill a man than a gator, but it takes the same kind of wait. You got to watch for the weakness, and take your shot to the back of the head” (11).
Gertrude comes from a family of poor white farmers. They are in dire straits because of the boll weevil blight that has killed their cotton crops year after year and made life increasingly hard. Gertrude’s husband, Alvin, has taken to drinking. He beats her often, and one of her eyes is now swollen shut from his most recent attack. Alvin has isolated her from her own family. He refuses to allow her to attend her father’s funeral, and he burns all the letters that her brother writes before she can read them.
Gertrude is now worried about her four daughters. The two eldest are Edna, 15, and Lily, 13. They are living with Gertrude’s brother because Gertrude and Alvin can’t afford to feed them. The two youngest are Alma, 10, and Mary, 6. They are both starving, and Mary is feverish. Earlier that day, Gertrude took her daughters to Branchville to see her brother Berns. He and his wife, Marie, are also struggling. Gertrude pleads with them to take the two younger girls, but they do not have the resources. Berns says he will keep Alma, but Mary is too sick for them to manage. He gives Gertrude $2, because a job and a rental house have opened up at the Sewing Circle. This is a local garment factory owned by the wealthy Coles family.
Gertrude then takes Mary and goes to Mrs. Coles’s house to ask for the job. She is met at the door by the Black housekeeper, Oretta, known as Retta. Retta doesn’t want to let the ragged Gertrude inside the house, but Mrs. Coles arrives and speaks to her on the porch. Gertrude gives Mrs. Coles $2 as a down payment to hold the house rental. It will cost $10 per month. Gertrude could make $12 a week from the sewing job, so this would provide some security. After hesitating briefly, Mrs. Coles agrees to Gertrude’s terms. She will start in the middle of the following week.
Gertrude turns away, but Retta follows and offers her a few items of food for her sick child. On impulse, Gertrude asks Retta to look after Mary until she returns three days later. Retta is taken aback by the notion of caring for a white child, but the girl is starving, feverish, and infested with worms. Gertrude tells her, “It’s the Christian thing to do” (27), and since Retta is very religious, she agrees.
After making sure that Retta will care for Mary, Gertrude goes to the swamp to keep watch next to the alligator’s nest. She waits until she hears her drunken husband staggering home. Gertrude takes aim and shoots him, his body falling into the swamp.
The narrative shifts to Annie Coles, the wife of the wealthiest plantation owner in town. Annie comes from the planter class herself and has always lived in luxury. Today, she is getting used to her new telephone and its ringing signals. She finds technology, such as the phone or automobile, interesting and sees it opening up a world of possibilities. Annie has an entrepreneurial spirit. She manages the Sewing Circle in part to build the confidence of her younger son, Lonnie, who has a stuttering problem. He doubts himself but is very good at building the business.
Annie’s thoughts are interrupted by a telephone call from Lonnie. He says that a store in Charleston wants to stock the Sewing Circle’s menswear line. Annie is delighted. As a reward, she goes up to the attic to search out her father’s pocket watch, because she intends to give it to her son later that day.
After finding the watch, Annie sets off in her automobile for the Sewing Circle. When she arrives, she sees that Lonnie is flustered about the order and apprehensive about giving a sales pitch to his potential customers in Charleston. Under the pretext of giving the speech on his behalf, Annie offers to write down all the thoughts Lonnie wants to present. When several pages of notes are complete, Annie instructs her son to memorize these words and tells him that he must do the talking at the meeting. She will travel with him for moral support.
Annie thinks of her five children. Lonnie has always been in his older brother Eddie’s shadow. Her eldest son, Buck, died by suicide, and her two daughters blame Annie and their father for his death. Annie’s husband, Edwin, banished his daughters from the house after this accusation. Annie is now estranged from both her daughters, but she would like to reconnect with them. Because of the new telephone directory, she knows that they have since married and live in Charleston. Annie decides to call Sarah because she is more approachable than the combative Molly. She is about to make the call when Edwin arrives home.
The story switches to the point of view of Oretta Bootles. Retta is the housekeeper for the Coles family, as her mother was before her. Her family was once enslaved by the family before the Civil War, but they now live in an independent Black community called Shake Rag.
As she walks home after having Mary foisted on her, Retta is worried about the child’s survival. She is religious and believes in signs and omens. Earlier that day, a swarm of redbirds (cardinals) appeared on the tree in the Coleses’ front yard. They are omens of death, and Retta worries that Mary might die. Because Retta is elderly, she has experience dealing with Mary’s symptoms and brews some worm tea to flush out the parasites. The child is listless because she is so weak but is also fearful of being separated from her mother.
When Retta’s husband, Odell, returns home, he immediately pitches in to help. Odell lost his leg years earlier in a boiler explosion while he was shoveling coal on a train. Despite his injury, Odell still takes odd jobs around town and wants to make himself useful. He builds a fire so that Retta can give Mary a proper bath. In addition to being sick, Mary is starving, which is making her condition worse. Retta thinks, “The child’s being eaten up from the inside, and them worms need something other than human flesh to feed on. Tomorrow I got to get something of substance in her stomach that can pass through” (51).
Gertrude is still in the swamp, wondering whether the large alligator will eat Alvin’s remains or not. If the reptile has fed recently, she might go a month without eating again. Gertrude resigns herself to her fate if her crime is discovered. A big storm is coming that might churn up everything in the swamplands. She goes back to the cabin to wait until the storm passes.
The next morning, Gertrude expects the arrival of Alvin’s father, who is their landlord. He will demand to know where his son is because he’s due to work at the sawmill. Gertrude braces for the worst, but because of the flooding, Alvin’s father doesn’t appear.
Retta begins by musing about the ghost of her friend, a white woman named Mrs. Walker, that she sometimes sees in the lane outside her house. Shortly before she died, Mrs. Walker gave all her chickens to Retta. The ghost never speaks but just stands and observes life passing by. As the day begins, workers are clearing storm debris from the streets. Odell and Retta load Mary into their wagon and head toward the Coles house. Odell then goes fishing while Retta takes Mary inside and places her in her room. Retta has her own key, so she knows that no one will disturb the child, but Mr. Coles walks into the kitchen before Retta can get Mary settled.
She explains Gertrude’s situation to her employer, and he allows Mary to stay three days but says that they shouldn’t trouble Mrs. Coles with the news. Then, Mr. Coles produces a shiny nickel and gives it to Mary. Retta looks on warily as he says, “I think I ought to get a hug for big money like that, don’t you?” (66).
Gertrude cleans the now-empty hovel from top to bottom to eradicate everything that remains of Alvin’s presence. She salvages whatever belongings she can and packs them for the move into town. She hasn’t eaten in days and gratefully consumes the beans and bacon that Retta gave her.
By Monday, Gertrude has everything prepared for her move when she hears Alvin’s father, Otto, coming up the walk. He is belligerent and demands to know where his son is. Gertrude protests that she hasn’t seen Alvin since Friday. Otto throws a tantrum but can’t do anything about the situation. Gertrude thinks, “I want to tell him, I put your boy down, Otto, but I don’t. I see the man for what he is. No worse, no better than his son” (71).
After Otto leaves, Gertrude walks to the swamp to see if Alvin’s body has surfaced. She spies a fragment of the cloth from his shirt. Climbing a tree limb, Gertrude intends to lift the garment using the tip of her shotgun. She realizes that the water below her is rippling with a hundred newly hatched baby alligators. Alvin was probably their first meal. Their mother is sitting on the empty nest, looking directly at Gertrude.
On Sunday, Retta sends Odell to church without her. She knows the neighbors will be gossiping about the white girl in her house. Later that day, the minister arrives for dinner, and Retta believes that Odell asked him to come by. She assumes he has come to criticize her for interfering in white people’s affairs. Instead, he offers support and quotes a passage from scripture that cautions Retta to be wary of “spiritual wickedness in high places” (77-78).
On Monday morning, Mary is strong enough to walk, and Retta gives her some yarn to crochet a blanket while the housekeeper works in the Coles home. Retta and her Indigenous helper, Nelly, are busy preserving food for the Homecoming Camp in October. This is a seven-day annual harvest festival during which all the local people gather to socialize and feast.
At noon, they have to prepare the midday meal for Mr. Coles and his dozen workers. Retta hears a noise coming from Mary’s room: The girl has accidentally kicked over the chamber pot. When Retta looks out the window, she sees the farm hands and Mr. Coles cleaning themselves up at the pump. She also notices a new nickel on the windowsill. Mr. Coles sees her, and she closes the curtains.
Part 1 introduces the three central characters and their backstories. They all live near the rural town of Branchville but occupy different social strata, which introduces the theme of Race and Status in the South. Gertrude belongs to the poor white class and is isolated by her husband in a cabin in the swamplands. She is cut off from her family in town but also isn’t acceptable to other members of her class because of her poverty. Her narrative arc leads her to intrude on the two other main communities in the novel: the wealthy white planter class near town and the Black community of Shake Rag. Her appearance in Annie and Retta’s lives entangles the women in each other’s affairs and drives the plot forward.
This section also introduces the theme of Maternal Anger and Strength. Gertrude’s appearance on the doorstep of the Coles home with a black eye showcases the lengths she must go to to keep her daughters safe. Before she kills Alvin, she must get a job and make sure Mary and Alma are looked after. Though Part 1 focuses on Gertrude’s trials, Retta and Annie also struggle with issues associated with their role as mothers. This experience will bind the women together by the novel’s end. For now, they see each other as members of different worlds. Gertrude’s protective drive is so strong that it motivates her to cross class lines by asking Mrs. Coles for a job at the Sewing Circle and a house to rent. She gets the job on the basis of her deceased mother’s years of good work for Mrs. Coles. In closed communities, people only help those who are blood relatives or personal acquaintances. These relationships will work for and against the characters as the novel progresses.
The dramatic arc of Part 1 centers on Gertrude’s murder of her husband. As Gertrude waits by the nest, she regales the reader with multiple incidents of her husband’s cruelty to herself and her daughters. We see her struggle to keep her children fed while Alvin does nothing but drink. Gertrude even resorts to putting her children in the care of others to keep them out of harm’s way. Thus, when the first chapter concludes with Gertrude’s murder of Alvin, the event seems justified. Further, the mother alligator and her hatchlings consume the evidence of Gertrude’s crime. This is another instance of mutual support among mothers in the novel.
Related to the theme of maternal ferocity is the theme of male predators. When Retta sees Edwin Coles tempting Mary with a nickel, her foreboding suggests that something is amiss. Her choice of words when she sees Edwin embrace Mary signals that he is also a predator: “He puts out his arms. She is a good girl and does as she’s told. Mr. Coles swoops her up. The child hangs limp in his embrace like a lamb in the mouth of a lion” (66). This foreshadows the Coleses’ story, which develops later in the novel.
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