Rappaccini's Daughter

The Gothic genre, sometimes also referred to as Dark Romanticism in the North American literary tradition, developed in English literature in the late 18th century as part of the wider Romantic reaction against the rationalist and scientific focus of the Enlightenment. Romantic writers and artists valued emotion and intuition above reason and logic. They believed in an inherently pure and positive nature of humankind that is corrupted by social conditions and expectations. Nature, in this worldview, plays an important role as an escape from sinful society and the locus of potential transcendence.

Gothic literature is based on the Romantic worldview but focuses on darker, irrational, and subconscious desires and impulses. The first example of this style is considered to be Horace Walpole’s 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, which combines many of the elements associated with the Gothic: a sense of terror and wonder, a remote location, a vulnerable heroine, and an atmosphere of death and decay. Long before the birth of psychoanalysis, Gothic literature served to explore subconscious, hidden, and taboo desires that direct human behavior.

Another outgrowth of the Romantic movement in the US were the so-called Transcendentalists, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalism was a philosophical-literary movement that developed in the 1820s and 1830s in New England, particularly Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Transcendentalists embraced a belief in an inherently moral human nature, which becomes corrupted by social institutions. To remain pure and good, individuals were best served living self-sufficiently and in harmony with nature.

“Rappaccini’s Daughter” illustrates the Gothic or Dark Romantic genre as the story’s premise is the tragic result of the two irreconcilable emotions felt by Giovanni: love for Beatrice and fear of her. These two emotions could be categorized as the conscious, or rational, side of the protagonist’s psyche and the unconscious, or irrational one, respectively. Furthermore, Beatrice’s death highlights social failure. Giovanni is too weak and fearful to stand up to social expectations, which leads to a tragic end.