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74 pages 2 hours read

Return to Sender

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2009

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Symbols & Motifs

Patriotism

The motif of patriotism surfaces throughout the book; for example, Tyler is asked to carry the flag and lead the Pledge of Allegiance at the town meeting. Sometimes these instances of patriotism are ironic and subtly prompt the reader to consider the ramifications of US law and America’s attitude toward immigrant workers, thus supporting the theme about recognizing a higher justice. For example, Tyler reflects that one of the names his family considered for the farm was Patriots’ Farm. It is fortunate that Sara rejected that name, he thinks, envisioning headlines in the local paper like “PATRIOTS’ FARM RAIDED FOR BREAKING THE LAW” (56). Mari appeals to the president of the United States in an unsent letter, asking for understanding and help for families like hers; she also visits the White House and other sites in Washington, DC, after collecting her mother from the coyotes. Just before Memorial Day, however, the president appears on TV to announce National Guardsmen at the border and the construction of a border wall to keep undocumented immigrants out.

For Memorial Day, Grandma helps the church prepare flags for veterans’ graves; after the girls’ parents are taken into custody, though, she calls someone else to collect and place the flags as she no longer “has the heart to celebrate anything today” (274). Mr. Rossetti concurs, unable to play his instrument for the town’s Memorial Day gathering. Mr. Rossetti still wants the girls to “see the proud face of America” (275) on Memorial Day, so he and Grandma take them to the cemetery to see the flags on the veterans’ graves; ironically, though, they must visit at night to avoid the girls being seen and potentially taken into custody.

Self-Sacrifice

Self-sacrifice is at the heart of the novel’s theme about generosity. Both acts of kindness and material gifts symbolize this element of self-sacrifice in the novel. Tyler giving Mari his telescope is one good example of self-sacrifice. Giving his telescope away is altogether a different experience for Tyler than naming a star after Mari, which was a kind and thoughtful gesture but cost him nothing. Treasured by Tyler because it reminds him of his grandfather, the telescope represents deep care and concern and better reflects the importance of his friendship with Mari.

Mari’s diary is a treasured birthday gift toward which she can express personal and private thoughts; it quickly becomes “a safe place where la migra can’t come and haul [her] words and thoughts and feelings away” (264) the way they did Mari’s parents. When Ofie fusses about going to Mexico and wants to read Mari’s diary in exchange for better behavior, Mari considers what is more important: the privacy inherent within her diary or Mamá and Papá’s peace of mind. Mari wants Mamá and Papá to count on their closeness as a family, and she wants herself and Ofie to be friends. She sacrifices her privacy and acquiesces to Ofie’s request.

Anti-Immigrant Word Choices

Anti-immigrant rhetoric and vocabulary throughout the story points out the consistent importance of the theme of inclusion versus intolerance. For example, Mari writes that boys in her old class call her an “illegal alien,” and she indignantly questions the use of these words: “What is illegal about me? Only that I was born on the wrong side of a border?” (21). At the town meeting, Mr. Rossetti uses the term “illegals” to name the group of Mexicans working in the area; he calls their activity treasonous and “disgraceful.” The coyotes who hold Mamá hostage refer to her as a “package” when Mari meets them to pay the ransom, a term that foreshadows the phrase used by the US government in late May. On establishing Mari’s meeting with the immigration official Mr. O’Goody, the lawyer for Mari’s parents explains that they were “seized during a national sweep called Operation Return to Sender” (286). Tyler asks for clarification on that phrasing, and the lawyer confirms that the name implies treating “people as excess baggage” (287). Authorities assume that Mari’s parents are criminals just like the coyotes in Texas who took Mamá because Mamá’s bag linked her to them. To set the authorities straight, Mari must “confess” the family’s story and her own illegal status in an effort to save her parents.

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